Baden-Powell :: essays research papers

Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, more affectionately known as "B.-P.", was born in London, England, on February 22, 1857. At the age of 12 he received a scholarship from Charterhouse School, one of England's famous public schools. The school was then located in London, but it soon moved to Godalming in Surrey. There were some woods just outside the school, these were "out- of-bounds" for the pupils. It was here that B.-P. practised stalking wildlife. He is said to have snared rabbits and cooked them over a small fire so that smoke didn't give him away to the school masters. (This was to be valuable training for later in his career.) Choosing a military career, B.-P. served in campaigns in India, Afghanistan and South Africa. He became world famous during the Boer War for the defense of Mafeking, a small town in South Africa. With 800 men, he was besieged by a force of 9,000 Boer soldiers. His small force held out against these immense odds for 217 days -- until a relief column of British soldiers arrived. At Mafeking B.-P. organized his "Messenger Cadets". Trained in efficiency, obedience and smartness, they performed many tasks -- relieving soldiers for active defense of the town. After the Boer War, B.-P. organized the South African Constabulary and designed a uniform for them that later became the basic Boy Scout uniform. While still in Africa, B.-P. wrote "Aids to Scouting" -- a manual designed to train soldiers to become army scouts. Many youth and organizations in Britain used ideas from this manual as the basis of adventurous programs. He discussed this matter with Sir William Smith, the founder of the Boy's Brigade, and other leading youth workers. He planned a camp to test his program ideas. The camp was held from July 25 to August 9 in 1907 on Brownsea Island. The "Scoutmaster" was Lt.-Gen. Robert Baden- Powell. His assistants were B.W. Green, H. Robson and P.W. Everett. The camp was a tremendous success. Based on this experiment B.-P. wrote his book "Scouting for Boys" which was published in 6 parts starting in January, 1908. It has been printed in many editions -- the current edition is the last one edited by B.-P. By the end of 1908 this book was translated into five other languages. The sketches in the book were all done by B.-P. -- most of them based on his own exciting career. In 1909, King Edward VII, who had taken a great deal of interest in this new Movement, made the founder a Knight in recognition of his work for boys. At this time B.-P. was Inspector General of

Human Nature Essay

Human nature is based on self-preservation and selfishness in both Rashomon by Ryunosuke Akutagawa and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. In The Lottery human nature is selfish because they kill someone in the community for their own personal gain. Selfishness also has a negative effect in Rashomon due to the harmful extremes the servant takes to stay alive. The way human nature is portrayed in these two stories is sometimes similar to the way people act in real life. In Rashomon the servant turns into a thief for the purpose of staying alive. He knows better than to steal from a woman who is already poor and living amongst corpses but he steals from her anyway. He tries to justify his actions when he says â€Å"You won’t blame me, then, for taking your clothes. That’s what I have to do to keep from starving to death. † His words show that he knows what he is about to do is wrong, but stating his reasons for why he needs to do it makes him feel better. At the beginning of the story he has no intentions of becoming a thief. Soon he realizes how bad his conditions are, this weakens his morals and his first priority becomes survival. This shows that when it comes to staying alive people become selfish and less concerned with other humans well being. Humans will go to extreme measures to get what they need even if that involves harming others. This story uses a lot of animal imagery to show how people become violent and tend to forget their morals when it comes to survival, it becomes almost like â€Å"dog eat dog. † An example of this is when the woman is picking hair out of the corpses to make a wig in hopes of selling it for money; this behavior is animal like. Why is it that people resort to crimes and immoral acts before considering other options when it comes to survival? In The Lottery the community is selfish because they sacrifice someone so their crops will grow. They need their crops to flourish so they will not go hungry; this is a form of self-preservation. In real life we have laws to stop people from committing various crimes. In The Lottery there are no laws to stop them from acting like animals and stoning each other. The fact that we have laws proves that we have them because some people do not have morals or choose to ignore them in certain circumstances. Laws were created to keep communities in order and civilized. Self preservation makes people forget about the well-being of others and instead focus on themselves. We see this in The Lottery when it says, â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix picked up a rock so large she had to use both hands to lift it. † In the beginning of the story Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Hutchinson are friends but at the end of the story when it comes down to her crops flourishing or her friend; Mrs. Delacroix is selfish and stones Mrs. Hutchinson to death. This example shows people are selfish and put their own needs first. Another example of this is when Mrs. Hutchinson say’s â€Å"it’s not right, it isn’t fair†, she is not talking about the lottery she means it is not fair that she was chosen. She would have no problem stoning someone else to death so that she could live and her crops could flourish. Human nature is portrayed the same way in Rashomon and The Lottery. In both stories the people are selfish and harm other people to benefit themselves. In Rashomon he beats up a woman and steals her clothes so he can survive and in The Lottery the community kills Mrs. Hutchinson so their crops will flourish. Their reason for being so selfish is self-preservation. The servant doesn’t want to die so he steals from a woman who has less than him. The community in The Lottery needs food to survive so they take part in the lottery. In both stories the people act like animals because they have no laws or rules to stop them from doing so. The difference between these stories is that in Rashomon it is only two people acting immoral but in The Lottery a whole community is acting uncivilized. In both stories human nature is portrayed negatively. In comparing this to current times, I find that Hurricane Sandy brought out the worst and the best in people. I live in a waterfront community that was badly affected by the hurricane. Some people’s homes were destroyed or flooded but that didn’t stop people from robbing homes in my neighborhood. At night we had police driving around with spotlights checking on homes and properties. Some people chose to steal generators right off others driveways. News reports talked about opportunist who broke into damaged businesses and stole whatever they wanted. Criminals broke into flooded homes and took what little salvageable items were left. When faced with a problem people have the option to rise to the occasion or not too. Unfortunately more people choose not to. This is what makes human nature selfish for the most part. After reading the newspaper this morning stealing generators seems pretty insignificant. I came across a story I can’t seem to get past. The Sandy Hook elementary school shooting in Newton Connecticut. I cannot understand how someone could go into an elementary school and shoot innocent children for their own selfish reasons. I cannot comprehend how someone could kill his or her own mother over a petty argument and feel no guilt. It scares me to know we live in a generation where human nature is so selfish that sending your children to school has become dangerous. Because human nature is so selfish children at such a young age are exposed to so much hatred. No six or seven year old should have to watch their classmates die for no reason other than the killer was simply having a â€Å"bad day† and needed to take his anger out on someone. The one aspect from this story that shows me human nature is sometimes still selfless is Victoria Soto. Victoria hid her students in closets and other spaces so the killer could not find them. When the killer approached her classroom door and asked where her students were she replied the gym; she was then shot. Victoria Soto may not have been able to save herself but she saved an entire classroom of innocent children. It is sad that a horrific event like this needs to take place before human nature changes because for twenty-seven children it’s a day too late. In both Rashomon and The Lottery the people go to immoral extremes for selfish reasons. In The Lottery the community stones someone for their own personal gain. In Rashomon the servant harms a woman in worse conditions than him self for the means of survival. The way human nature is negatively portrayed in these two stories is unfortunately similar to the way people act in real life.

Individual Subjectivity And The Question Of Selfhood Essay

Individual subjectivity and the question of selfhood have been common themes in Caribbean literature throughout the years, as the Caribbean has struggled to find its own identity. This search for selfhood is most evident in the work Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid. In this text, Lucy, a young woman from the Caribbean, moves to America to work as an au pair for a rich couple, Lewis and Mariah. However, she has not moved here for the money alone. Instead, Lucy is trying to escape her Caribbean roots and find a new identity in North America. To what extent, then, is Lucy able to change her selfhood? How malleable is a person’s individual subjectivity? To answer these questions, it is important to evaluate what affect various factors had on Lucy’s sense of self, paying close attention to her race and gender, the other people and the society that she chooses to surround herself with, and her own internal desire to change who she is. After exploring these topics, it should be safe to conclude that altering one’s individual subjectivity is extremely difficult, if not impossible, and Lucy is no exception. While there are many personal factors and situat ions that dictate Lucy’s experiences growing up and her opportunities in life, there are none as dominant as her gender and her race. Being a woman impacted Lucy in many ways, from her job opportunities to her sexuality. However, the impact of her gender on her life is most evident through her relationship with her mother. ThisShow MoreRelatedDisenfranchisement In â€Å"Franchise†. Isaac Asimov’S 19551170 Words   |  5 Pagessupercomputer, known as Multivac. In order to work, a single citizen is selected to answer a series of questions; Multivac uses that person’s responses along with other information to determine who the winner of an election is. This story works as a prime example of the concept of subjectivity as discussed in Jeffrey Nealon and Susan Searls Giroux’s book The Theory Toolbox. Nealon and Giroux define subjectivity by exploring the distinction between self and subject. The authors write that self is â€Å"that whichRead MoreThe Girl s Sense Of Desire2009 Words   |  9 Pagesattachment patterns. For him, the avoidant insecure attachment leading to a dismissive adult is masculinised: these adults tends to dismiss others and their own inner desire for the other, they limit their own affects hence remaining insensitive to the subjectivity of other and themselves. Their refusal to listen or sense feelings of other is a form of control, of domination in their relationships. Ambivalent insure attachment on the other hand, is associated with a feminised behaviour: these adults are caughtRead MoreA Human Body1315 Words   |  6 Pageshuman, an individual. She is just a cellular imitation of Rheya with some of her memories, based only on what Christ knows. After regenerating, Second Rheya states frantically, â€Å"In your memory you get to control everything†¦ even if you remember something wrong, I am predetermined to carry it out. I’m suicidal because that’s how you remember me.† So everything she was before Chris, the true individual of Rheya, is not included in this being. Of the many things Solaris shows us about subjectivity, one isRead MoreExistentialism and Its Role today799 Words   |  4 Pagesexistentialist writer who, in his article â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism,† discusses in detail what existentialism is, â€Å"a doctrine that makes human life possible and also affirms that every truth and every action imply an environment and a human subjectivity† (Sartre 18). From this quote we can infer that, everything said and done is subject to proper judgment. Sartre goes on to describe the views of an existentialist. An existentialist â€Å"states that if God does not exist, there is at least one beingRead MoreExistentialism and its Role Today1027 Words   |  5 Pagesexistentialist writer who, in his article â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism,† discusses in detail what existentialism is, â€Å"a doctrine that makes human life possible and also affirms that every truth and every action imply an environment and a human subjectivity† (Sartre 18). From this quote we can infer that, everything said and done is subject to proper judgment. Applying this to the BP Oil Spill, Sartre would say that an existentialist would belief that the decision of Offshore Drilling would causeRead More Heideggers Reading of Descartes Dualism Essay4357 Words   |  18 Pages Descartes is the first thinker who discovers the cogito sum as an indubitable and the most certain foundation and thereby liberates philosophy from theology. He is the first subjectivistic thinker in the modern philosophy and he grounds his subjectivity on his epistemology. The orientation of the philosophical problems with Descartes starts from the ego (the subject) because in the modern philosophy the subject is given to the knower first and as the only certain thing, i.e., the onlyRead MoreFrom the Mind to the Body, Self Comes to Mind1652 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginations of conscious thoughts in an introspective manner that is accessible to the self. A connection between mind and body eventually developed a proprietor within the thinking mind. The neuropsychologist Antonio Damasio believes that a mind with subjectivity is a conscious mind, otherwise one would not know of his existence, who he is, and what he thinks (Damasio, 2010). At some point in time, the mind developed feelings towards the experience of the connected â€Å"me†(Damasio, 2010). The human mind somehowRead MoreSocial Implications Of Psychoanalytic Theory Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagespsychoanalytic theory and suggest the importance of these theoretical ideas to social work practice. Furthermore, the subsequent questions and concerns which arise from the implications of the numerous avenues of the psychodynamic theory. They maintained constant themes throughout this process, such as, understanding the importance of human subjectivity, identity and selfhood; and the basic nature and the relationship between intimate attachments and the quality of social relationships; as well as theRead MoreMeaning Of Existentialism In Hamlet1446 Words   |  6 Pagescreate their own values and determine their own meaning to their life. It typically displays a dismal of abstract theories that seek to disguise the untidiness of actual human lives. It emphasizes the subjective realities of individual existence, individual freedom, and individual choice, and holds that the only way to assert one self over the absurd condition of humanity is through one’s own pronouncements. While such responsibility for ones actions brings about anguish in each person, the freedom Read MoreCultural Translation : The Location Of Culture1824 Words   |  8 PagesHumanities SLCE Master Program 2016/2017 Cultural Translation SADIK SAMLALI Homi K. Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994) INTRODUCTION â€Å"Locations of culture† In his book The Location of Culture (1994), Homi. K Bhabha tries to explore the question of how can we understand postcolonial cultures and to know where can we locate them. It is a seminal work that can be located within the sphere of multi-cultural awareness which emerged in 1990s to open horizons for studies on how hybridity and cosmopolitanism

Impediments Of A Person With Severe Mental Illness

IMPEDIMENTS ON THE ROAD TO RECOVERY: A CASE STUDY OF A PERSON WITH SEVERE MENT AL ILLNESS Authors: Saswati Chakraborti Jahanara M. Gajendragad Department of Psychiatric Social Work Institute of Human Behaviour Allied Sciences(IHBAS) Dilshad Garden, Delhi-110095. Presenting Author: Saswati Chakraborti Impediments on the road to recovery: A case study of a person with severe mental illness Saswati Chakraborti* and Jahanara Gajendragad Abstract: Key Words: Impediments, Recovery, Psychiatric rehabilitation Mental health professionals often encounter challenging situations when it comes to providing comprehensive treatment and rehabilitative care for persons with severe mental illness. These difficulties also stem from the fact that there is significant cognitive and/or behavioural dysfunction that results from mental illness in the clients we deal with. The provision of long term mental health care for persons with severe mental illness has been and still is, one of the major challenges for those involved in mental health service delivery for various reasons. Several barriers exist in the form of limited availability and accessibility of treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Mental Illness1412 Words   |  6 Pagesgainsaying as to the fact that the problem of providing adequate mental care for mentally ill citizens is not new (Turnquist, n.d). As a matter of fact, according to the Center for Social Studies Associate Laboratory (2010), mental illness has always necessitated a challenge with regard to the society’s capacity to not only integrate such individuals, but also provide care to them. One key impediment surrounding the matter of mental illness, according to Unite for Sight.org (2013), is culture. As UniteRead MoreMedicine As A Body Of Knowledge1730 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneration to generation. Treatments included herbs, spices, oils, foods, body treatments and manipulations, mediation and many other items through trial and error and believe. Medicine, in the broadest of terms came to mean something different for each person, based on his or her personal beliefs and philosophies. Throughout the centuries these ideas, treatments and philosophies ultimately gave rise to the many different streams of modern day medicine. In the 21st century, medicine is classified into twoRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Bullying1297 Words   |  6 Pages Low self-esteem is a common reason why someone would want to bully a person. Low self-esteem is the lack of pride a person feels in themselves. Often times a bully feels like they are less than others and the only way for them to feel better about themselves is to try to bring others down. A lot of bullies aren’t trying to hurt someone physically, they use words and certain remarks to torture a person, making that person feel just as less as them just to uplift their own self-esteem. AlthoughRead MoreBackground Information . Cheltenham High School (Chs) Serves1546 Words   |  7 Pagessystems, there’s not much information regarding mental health that’s available to teachers and students. This underlying need that has been brewing at Cheltenham High School since the start of the academic school year. Each week at practicum, there are stories of a crisis that had already occurred in relation to mental health. Upon consultation with teachers, staff and school nurse, the theme that consistently popped up was the lack of mental health knowledge or awareness and training to appropriatelyRead MoreWhy Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System?1179 Words   |  5 Pagesepidemic of violence against one another. Although the system has evolved over the years to adjust and accommodate people of different status, class and provide a multicultural aspect to society, just as any other system there will always be some impediments and inconsistencies such as, financial restraints, inequality, selective law enforcement and public influence such as media ideas and images of crime. Why we need a criminal justice system It would be unrealistic of people in society to believeRead MoreWhat are Anxiety Disorders?1593 Words   |  6 Pages ANXIETY DISORDERS Introduction: Anxiety disorders are a constellation of mental disorders which is marked by extreme feelings of apprehension and trepidation. It is a syndrome which has both physical and psychological modules. Psychological symptoms include anxiety that is beyond the control of the subject, impatience, disturbed sleep patterns, difficulty in staying focused, and hypervigilance. Physical symptoms include sweating, palpitations and dry mouth. Although a bit of apprehension isRead MoreA Research Study On Mental Disorders1754 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract People suffering from gender dysphoria, according to the most recent DSM-5(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), experience a discrepancy between the assign gender and the expressed one. Even though not every person experience the same degree, for many people who suffer from it the depression and anxiety is so overwhelming that they may need a gender reassignment surgery to feel a real sense of identity. A continued hormonal therapy together with surgery can offer an importantRead MoreNormality And Pathology Of A Christian Therapist2586 Words   |  11 Pagestherapist needs to take into account is the presence of bias and attribution errors. Bias and attribution errors may compromise the perceiver’s objectivity and lead to an incorrect evaluation of normal or abnormal behavior (Butcher, 2007). A major impediment to objectivity is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE). This error, which is considered a strong human characteristic, is the tendency of an obse rver to underestimate situational factors and to overestimate the influence of dispositional factorsRead MoreA Brief History Of United States Mental Health Care Essay1896 Words   |  8 PagesPRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW A brief history of the United States’ mental health care The United States has never had an official federal-centered approach for mental health care facilities, entrusting its responsibility to the states throughout the history. The earliest initiatives in this field took place in the 18th century, when Virginia built its first asylum and Pennsylvania Hospital reserved its basement to house individuals with mental disorders (Sundararaman, 2009). During the 19th century, otherRead MoreMental Illness : Mental Health Illness2108 Words   |  9 PagesMerriam-Webster, mental health illness is described as a broad range of medical conditions (such as major depression, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, or panic disorder) that are marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, or emotions to impair normal psychological functioning and cause noticeable grief or disability and that are usually related with a disruption in standard judgement, feeling, mood, behavior, interpersonal interactions, or daily functioning . Mental health

Entrepreneur Interview - 1887 Words

INTRODUCTION Richard Branson, an English business tycoon and the founder of Virgin Airlines once said, Business opportunities are like buses, theres always another one coming. This quote signifies that there are always an opportunity in entrepreneurship in life if there is a will to take the risk and motivated to do so. Entrepreneurship roots from the word entrepreneur, which according to www.wikipedia.com, it can be defined as one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. Entrepreneurs are risk takers, willing to roll the dice with their money or reputation on the line in support of an idea or enterprise. They willingly assume responsibility for the success or†¦show more content†¦The process may take between three weeks and one month for one piece. Added to the problem, there are also other factors that contributed to the company’s lost, including the company’s financial crisis and Malaysian economic uncertainty. In order to save the family business, Mr. Ashaari took over the company and makes a huge step in the history of BRM Batik. He moved the company to a small location around his house in Kuantan, Pahang and shut all the factories and showrooms in Kuala Lumpur. He then builds a small sized batik factory on his land, which worth RM4000. He also changed the factory name from BRM Batik to RM Batik. RM Batik has developed so well and stays stable until today. RM Batik still active in batik manufacturing, alongside other goods such as craft products and local souvenirs. This company is also the proud uniform supplier for Club Med Cherating, Pahang. With the current eight workers and RM250, 000 sales turnover per year, RM Batik keep on striving to be the best batik manufacturer in Malaysia while preserve the Malaysian batik as it is rapidly vanishing nowadays. FOUNDING STORY Mr Asyaari chooses this venture because he just finished his high school back in the 1980’s. After his beloved brother passed away, he can’t find any other way besides saving their family business. Plus, he was jobless and moneyless. He sees this as the only opportunity for him to keep the brother’s memory. He chose this business on that particular time as it was fated.Show MoreRelatedInterview With An Entrepreneur Interview2328 Words   |  10 PagesEntrepreneur Interview Name of the student: Name of the university: Author’s Note:â€Æ' Table of Contents An interview with an Entrepreneur: 3 Report: 7 â€Æ' An interview with an Entrepreneur: In this report, an interview is conducted with the Founder, Jane Lu of the company Showpo. This online female fashion store, which was launched in 2010. Founder of the company is interrogated on her experiences and steps that she has taken in order to escalate business of the company. The startup company hasRead MoreA Interview With The Entrepreneur1386 Words   |  6 Pages Report: From the meeting with the entrepreneur Jane Lu, I found that being an entrepreneur is not an easy task. The person has to face a lot of toil and hardship. Within an entrepreneur, there is a need of perseverance, confidence, passion and communication skills in order to achieve the goal. This holds true for a small business like a departmental store. In my opinion, an entrepreneur is a risk taker, as he knows despite receiving no as the reply to some questions he has to encounter certainRead MoreEntrepreneur Interview : An Intriguing Limousine Driver1289 Words   |  6 PagesEntrepreneur Interview: An intriguing limousine driver, Eli Xhemajli, has conveyed happiness to his customers by his driving and serving for a long time. In this Entrepreneur Interview project, I could be successful to interview to Eli Xhemajli, who is one of the owners and drivers of a small business, which is called A Stars Limo. Through the interview about the introducing his business, starting the business, running the business, marketing the business, and being an entrepreneur, I could learnRead MoreA Interview About The Word Entrepreneur Means1825 Words   |  8 PagesMany ideas come to mind when asked what the word entrepreneur means. It is someone who organizes and creates their own business; an employer of productive labor. Really, it is so much more than that. It is an all consuming task that is risky. What its mantra should be is the phrase go big or go home. I discovered this notion while venturing out to New York City to interview Megan Cariola, owner of a local, organic shop located nearby t he South Street Seaport. I wanted to get the complete experienceRead MoreAn Interview of Ngoc T.B. Nguyen: A Woman Entrepreneur1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe entrepreneur The entrepreneur I choose to interview is a well-known and respectable woman in the tourism-hospitality industry in Vietnam. Her name is Ngoc T.B. Nguyen. There are now many different definitions for the word entrepreneur and entrepreneurship, the definition of entrepreneur as the ‘risk taker’ might be the one that suits her best. Born in 1963, this woman has spent more than 10 years in the Tourist industry and has since then been an inspirational model for many young adults inRead MoreAn Interview With An Entrepreneur1356 Words   |  6 PagesAn interview with an Entrepreneur: In this report, an interview is conducted with Jane Lu the Founder of the company Showpo. This company is an online female fashion store, which was launched in 2010. Founder of the company is interviewed on her experiences and the steps she has taken in order to enhance the business of the company. Since its inception, the company has made excellent growth. Interviewer: What was it that made you start this venture? Jane Lu: Interesting question. Well the main reasonRead MoreInterview an Entrepreneur1429 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An entrepreneur tends to bite off a little more than he can chew hoping he’ll quickly learn how to chew it.† (Roy Ash) Thirty-two years ago, Steve Celar embarked on the journey of starting up his first business. After many years of struggle and hard work, his business has expanded into different areas other than what he had originally intended, all of those businesses are centered on cars but mainly, Hot Rods. Steve is the founder and sole-proprietor of Kalamity Kars, and Kalamity Krash RepairRead MoreNotes of an Interview with an Entrepreneur958 Words   |  4 PagesInterview Entrepreneur The type and nature of the business (products / services offered) and the scope of the business (whether it is local in nature, national, or international in scope) The nature of the business is retail electronics. A few of the most notable products that are sold include: computers, MP 3 players, i pods / pads / phones, cell phones, televisions and parts. The business is a national franchise that is taking more of a local focus. Why the person decided to go into businessRead MoreEssay On Entrepreneur Interview1060 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Davis BUSM 4001 I had the fortunate and lucky experience of discussing with a young entrepreneur out of Boulder for my midterm paper. Kyle Panis is a twenty-year-old media content creator and photographer. Originally I was going to meet with a young micro brew master for local brewery, but was unsuccessful in meeting with him due to scheduling conflicts. I was happy to learn about Kyle Panis, because he is very young but very experienced with his startups. Kyle originally grew in DenverRead MoreEntrepreneur Paper Interview1904 Words   |  8 PagesPanino Restaurant The entrepreneur that I interviewed was Lydia Patterson. In 1989, Lydia and her husband, Lou, decided to start planning to open up a new Italian restaurant in Virginia. The restaurant industry, especially in the Washington DC area is very competitive. It is highly competitive with respect to price, value and promotions, service, location, and food quality.   There are a substantial number of restaurant operations that compete for customer traffic, some of which have significantly

Theories of Early Learning Free Essays

This paper consists of early theories of learning and development. It starts out with the basics of learning and development and ends with the theories of a few scientists. The first theory is ACT, introduced by John Anderson. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Early Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now ACT is an acronym for Adaptive Character of Thought. The second theory is The Elaboration Theory, introduced by Charles Reigeluth. Jean Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology appears in this paper, along with the Gestalt Theory, introduced by Max Wertheimer. B. F Skinner’s well known Operant Conditioning is covered. Lastly, but not least, is Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. All of these theories are different, and shows how each individual scientist believes the children in their community learned and developed. Theories of Early Learning People may learn in many different ways. Many scientists have their own thoughts of how children learn, develop, and perceive the world around them. There are a few basic principles to learning that most people and scientists would agree on, though. The first is that a person can learn through the context of what he or she is reading or experiencing (Driscoll, 2006). When a person reads a sentence by itself, it may not make as much sense as it would if it had other sentences around it or if the person knew background information. People will try to make sense of such sentences with other experiences in their lives or understandings they have made about something else that could pertain to the sentence they just read. The conclusions they come up with could be completely different from the true meaning of the sentence. People need other information to make sense of what they are reading and learn what they should be learning. The second principle is that people learn by being active in what they are learning. If a person tells a child something, the child will most likely forget it. If a person shows a child something, the child is more likely to remember it. If a person involves a child, however, the child will understand it (Driscoll, 2006). The third principle is that people learn by working in groups. It tends to be easier for a child to work through something if that child has someone else’s perspective. Different strengths can be brought to the activity because each child has a different point of view and a different thought about what is happening with the activity. The fourth and final principle is that learning is reflective. Students do better the second time a situation is revealed to them if they get feedback from the first time they encountered the situation. If students know they spelled a word wrong on a spelling test, they most likely will not repeat the same mistake (Driscoll, 2006). Scientists have been studying the way they believe children and students learn. A scientist named John Anderson introduced ACT (Kearsley, 2011). ACT suggests that learning comes from three types of memory. The declarative memory stores information that is factual and what the child associated with that information. The procedural memory reminds children of how they behaved to the conditions or actions that they have stored in the declarative memory. The child’s mind thinks that if something happens, there is something specific to be done because of what happened. The working memory is the memory that the child uses every day. In this learning theory, children are generalized, making them use the responses in their procedural memory in other events or experiences. The responses are discriminated, to make them more specialized. The responses are later strengthened, to make it easier for the child to recall them. Research shows that facts are retrieved more easily and quickly if the responses are repeated many times (Cooper, 2009). A scientist known as Charles Reigeluth introduced The Elaboration Theory (Kearsley, 2011). The Elaboration Theory suggests that a child most easily learns a subject if the subject is broken down into smaller subjects that are less complex. This theory suggests that a person must teach a child to add before the child can be taught to multiply because the child must understand that multiplication is adding numerous times. The Elaboration Theory is a step-by-step process (University of South Alabama, 2009). Jean Piaget is a scientist who introduced Genetic Epistemology (Kearsley, 2011). Genetic Epistemology suggests that an infant has specific skills, known as schemas, which guide the child through the child’s environment. An example of a schema is that children know how to pick up their rattle and stick it to their mouth. When a child finds a parent’s watch, that child will transfer the schema to the new object. This is assimilation. When the child finds something too large to fit inside the child’s mouth it will develop a new schema. This is called accommodation. All these actions put together signify adaptation. When a child can adapt to its environment, it is easier for the child to understand it (Boeree, 2006). The next theory is the Gestalt Theory, introduced by Max Wertheimer (Kearsley, 2011). The Gestalt Theory revolves around shapes, patterns, and whole pictures. Wertheimer believed that for people to learn, they must use their brain intensely. He made pictures that were actually two pictures meshed into one. It made the brain of the person look more deeply into the picture to find each picture inside. These activities made it easier for children to problem solve in school (Atherton, 2010). B. F. Skinner introduced Operant Conditioning (Kearsley, 2011). Skinner believed that everything a person learned was from experience. Skinner thought that he could change the way a baby reacted to a rat, and it worked. He showed the baby a rat. The baby played with the rat and did not fear it. When Skinner gave the baby the rat a second time, he produced a loud noise that startled the baby. When Skinner showed the baby the rat once more, the baby was scared of it because the baby had associated the rat with the noise that startled him (Levine, 1999). Albert Bandura proposed the Social Learning Theory (Kearsley, 2011). Bandura thought children learned by observing, imitating, and modeling what other children do. He tested his theory by placing a child in a room alone, with toys and games in the room. He told the child he could play with anything that was in there. When he left the child did not move. Later he sent another child in the room. That child began to play with the toys and the games. When the second child left, the first child began to play with the toys. The first child observed the second, and then imitated his actions (Learning Theories, 2008). Many people have different ideas and perspectives about how people learn, develop, and behave. Everyone is involved with other people. Everyone spends time observing other people. People develop their own thoughts as to why the human race acts the way it does. All these theories are common because they all suggest that people’s environment, peers, and resources are the main contributions to how they learn and understand what is going on around them. References http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-3/learn.htm How to cite Theories of Early Learning, Essay examples

Ib Chemistry Ia - Oxidizing Magnesium free essay sample

When a mass of magnesium is burnt in air, it combines with the oxygen molecules to form magnesium oxide. The graph doesn’t completely verify the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. There is a slight difference in the literature value of the empirical formula, MgO and the formula obtained from the graph. There are two points on the graph which do not fit into the trend line at all indicating an error during the procedure of the experiment. The gradient of the graph is 1. 3. The uncertainty calculated from the steepest and least steep lines is EVALUATION: In the graph, there are two points that lie away from the trend line. This might have happened due to human error or a limitation in the experiment. One of the limitations was that the experiment required us to lift the lid of the crucible from time to time to check and see if the reaction was finished. We will write a custom essay sample on Ib Chemistry Ia Oxidizing Magnesium or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When this was done, it was observed that some white smoke escaped. This was the product, Magnesium Oxide. Any escape of the product would bring about a different set of results. Another limitation was that the crucible was weighed while it was still warm, which caused the product, magnesium oxide to weigh more. Also, the ceramic crucible might have reacted with the magnesium ribbon when exposed to such high amounts of energy. Another drawback was that the magnesium was burnt in air and not in proper oxygen. The magnesium might have reacted with other gases in the air, like nitrogen to magnesium nitride. In the allotted time, there were six different values taken. The time given was sufficient to carry out the whole experiment properly LIMITATION: The magnesium could be completely cleaned with sand paper to remove the layer of magnesium oxide on the surface. This would allow the magnesium to completely react with the oxygen in the air. Also to keep the mass of the magnesium oxide obtained as accurate as possible, we should wait for the crucible to fully cool. Pure oxygen could also be used to oxidize magnesium for better results. A wider range of results should be taken and the experiment could be repeated again in order to get a value similar to the literature value of magnesium oxide. A better method of passing air into the crucible should also be adopted. There should be a change in the structure of the apparatus so that only a little amount of magnesium oxide is lost